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A flower (floret) contains a lemma, palea, lodicules, stamens and a pistil. 2012. Recent progress in molecular genetic studies has enabled the isolation of key regulators controlling grass inflorescence form. Amer. two united petals. Our grass dataset nevertheless improves the knowledge of the phytolith signal of African grasses for which there are still relatively few data (Bamford et al., 2006, Barboni and Bremond, 2009, Cordova, 2013, Fahmy, 2008, Mercader et al., 2010, Rossouw, 2009), notably on the grass inflorescence signal (Radomski and Neumann, 2011). Vegetti, A.C. 1999. Wu, C.Y., You, C.J., Li, C.S., Long, T., Cgeb, G.X., Byrne, M.E., Zhang, Q.F. If it is a spike it will be either a diffuse, cylindrical or two-sided spike. Curr. Mechanisms of floral induction in grasses: something borrowed, something new. Gao, X., Liang, W., Yin, C., Ji, S., Wang, H., Su, X., Guo, C., Kong, H., Xue, H., Zhang, D. 2010. 2012. 1934. A schematic representation of a grass inflorescence is shown. Mutations in the F-box gene. Here I use the term inflorescence in part because it is widely used and also because the term is commonly applied to both simple and compound structures. Spikelet. 9: e1003604. J. Bot. The BMs initiate the SMs, which then initiate the FMs. (Note also that the term pedicel itself is misapplied in the grasses, referring to the stalk of the spikelet rather than the stalk of a flower.) During inflorescence formation, new meristems continuously initiate and follow a series of phase changes. pedicel. pp. Wellmer, F., Riechmann, J.L. 2006. Bot. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. Morphological, anatomical, and taxonomic studies in. 2007. Moncur, M.W. Grass architecture: genetic and environmental control of branching. After transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase, the SAM converts into the IM, which initiates the BMs and forms the main axis of the inflorescence (Fig. New York: Macmillan. 2013. 46.163.113.96. Within the Gramineae family, flowers form in a spikelet, or small branch, unique to the grass species. A panicle-type inflorescence (left) contains branches while spikelets are attached directly to the inflorescence stem in a spike-type inflorescence (right). pp 25-38 | Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. 2008. 5–7. 2005. Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Nagasawa, N., Malcomber, S., Sakai, H., Jackson, D. 2006. 2001 onward. The structure of the paracladial zone in Poaceae. 2000. Li, M., Tang, D., Wang, K., Wu, X., Lu, L., Yu, H., Gu, M., Yan, C., Cheng, Z. 2007. 12:17. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Vollbrecht, E., Springer, P.S., Goh, L., Buckler, E.S., Martienssen, R. 2005. Res. a unit of grass inflorescence. 2006. Gallavotti, A., Yang, Y., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D. 2008. Taxon 45: 453–460. Whereas leaves are produced in a distichous pattern, with the primordia separated from each other by an angle of 180°, inflorescence branches are produced in a spiral in most species. Monocots: systematics and evolution. Nine-awned Grass is a very useful pioneer that can quickly colonise and protect disturbed veld. A trehalose metabolic enzyme controls inflorescence architecture in maize. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references, 23rd April 2010 edn. When the spikelets are attached by means of … Amer. Kellogg, E.A. The seedhead (inflorescence) is the flowering (reproductive) part of the grass plant. When the spikelets are attached directly to the rachis the inflorescence is called a spike (wheat, rye, barley, ryegrass). 2010. An axis with spikelets on pedicels is called a raceme (e.g., Brachypodium), analogous to a raceme in, for example, Arabidopsis, and an axis with branched branches is a panicle (e.g., Oryza, Avena, Panicum s.s., and many others), and so forth. 2009. The morphology of woody bamboos. The shoot apical meristem of grasses produces the primary branches of the inflorescence, controlling inflorescence architecture and hence seed production. one standard petal two wing petals one keel petal. Grasses, however, generally exhibit a determi- nate growth pattern of the overall flowering shoot, with the most mature spikelets toward the apex and least mature toward the base (asipetal). All of the aboveground section of a grass is collectively called the shoot. A revision of the genus. (eds.) Bommert, P., Satoh-Nagasawa, N., Jackson, D., Hirano, H.Y. Genet. Liu, Q., Oelke, E.A., Porter, R.A., Reuter, R. 1998. Vegetti, A.C., Pensiero, J.F. 2008. Vegetti, A.C., Weberling, F. 1996. Evol. The inflorescence is a panicle made up of several short, thick tufts. Part of Springer Nature. —1. 2006. The synflorescence concept in Poaceae. Control of phyllotaxy by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue. Amer. When the spikelets are attached to the rachis with short pedicels, the inflorescence is termed as raceme. J. Bot. 2005. Floret. The origin of the naked grains of maize. Simons, K.J., Fellers, J.P., Trick, H.N., Zhang, Z., Tai, Y.-S., Gill, B.S., Faris, J.D. Theor. On some grasses, a sheathlike bract, called spathe,encloses or partly encloses the seedhead © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 2006. Preston, J.C., Wang, H., Doebley, J., Kellogg, E.A. Ikeda, K., Ito, M., Nagasawa, N., Kyozuka, J., Nagato, Y. Wallingford: CAB International. 120: 875–893. 104: 243–251. Komatsu, M., Chujo, A., Nagato, Y., Shimamoto, K., Kyozuka, J. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO. 2008. the collective term for all sepals and petals in a flower. New York: Academic Press. (ed.) 146: 250–264. 2002. Curr. Reinheimer, R., Vegetti, A.C. 2008. corolla. New York: Academic Press. 149: 56–62. 2006. FRIZZY PANICLE is required to prevent the formation of axillary meristems and to establish floral meristem identity in rice spikelets. J. Agric. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417162-6.00007-9. Whipple, C.J., Hall, D.H., DeBlasio, S., Taguchi-Shiobara, F., Schmidt, R.J., Jackson, D.P. Plant Syst. Harvard Univ. Doust, A.N., Devos, K.M., Gadberry, M., Gale, M.D., Kellogg, E.A. Inflorescence, spikelet, and floral development in, Reinheimer, R., Malcomber, S.T., Kellogg, E.A. Troll, W. 1964. Sakakibara, H. 2006. 1997. Beitr. Evolutionary dynamics of, Fraser, J., Kokko, E.G. Inflorescence structure in species of, Klein, J., Saedler, H., Huijser, P. 1996. Doust, A.N. Science 312: 1392–1396. Biol. A gene controlling the number of primary rachis branches also controls the vascular bundle formation and hence is responsible to increase the harvest index and grain yield of rice. The control of axillary meristem fate in the maize. In this type of inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow and does not terminate in a flower and gives off flowers laterally in an acropetal manner (where old flowers are arranged on lower side and young flowers on upper side). Plant J. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Flowering Plants. … Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO. The spikelet is composed of one to several f… 2002. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Thus, an axis bearing sessile spikelets is called a spike (e.g., Triticum, Lolium), as though it were an axis bearing sessile flowers. Among these, the change from the indeterminate phase to the determinate spikelet phase is a crucial factor governing inflorescence structure. The synflorescence of Poaceae. There are two parts to a grass leaf. Zur deskriptiven und vergleichend morphologischen Terminologie komplexer Infloreszenzen. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Kojima, S., Takahashi, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Monna, L., Sasaki, T., Araki, T., Yano, M. 2002. Floral displays: genetic control of grass inflorescences. 96: 1419–1429. Skirpan, A., Wu, X., McSteen, P. 2008. 275: 133–167. 149: 38–45. Differentiation in the grass inflorescence. Plant Sci. Wang, H., Nussbaum-Wagler, T., Li, B., Zhao, Q., Vigouroux, Y., Faller, M., Bomblies, K., Lukens, L., Doebley, J.F. Grass sheath, node, ligule, auricle and parts relating to the inflorescence. 19: 1–32. MADS-box gene expression and implications for developmental origins of the grass spikelet. Plant Cell 22: 565–578. Kellogg, E.A., Hiser, K.M., Doust, A.N. Formation of panicles and hermaphroditic florets in wild-rice. Inflorescence structure directly affects the yield of grain crops. Generally, the seedhead has no leaves. Rev. Rice domestication by reducing shattering. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and inflorescence development of the genus. USA 101: 9045–9050. Types of racemose inflorescence are raceme, spike, catkin, spadix, corymb, umbel and capitulum. Amer. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed. The maize, Chuck, G., Meeley, R., Hake, S. 2008. Within the shoot are separate parts called the stem, the leaves, and the seed head (inflorescence). A spikelet is subtended by a pair of suppressed leaves called glumes. The growth patterns and number of spikelets, furthermore, define inflorescence architecture and yield. Perreta, M.G., Ramos, J.C., Vegetti, A.C. 2009. 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