the english language summary

Once again the Latin language was restricted to both upper class and church members. Cambridge University Press. Case endings are “a suffix on an inflected noun, pronoun, or adjective that indicates its grammatical function.”, Charles Laurence Barber[3] comments, “The loss and weakening of unstressed syllables at the ends of words destroyed many of the distinctive inflections of Old English.”. These changes may be subtle or drastic as verbal and written methods of communication change with cultures and societies. Syntax is “the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language,” and we find that while the British government and its wealthy citizens Anglicised the language, Norman and French influences remained the dominant language until the 14th century. After the Roman withdrawal, a series of Germanic tribes, such as the Jutes, Angles, Saxons and Frisians invaded the British Isles and over time, they started to establish permanent bases. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. 3. The White Paper seeks to put Iraq's economy on a path that allows […] How many words are there in the english language . Perhaps you’re a fan of Shakespeare, maybe you’re more intune with John Milton or J.K. Rowling? The Printing Press was key in standardizing the English language through distribution of the English Bible. It says torture and summary … Or are you simply curious about languages and other cultures, and looking to join the wonderful language learning community on the web? Nowadays English is the world’s second most spoken language, behind Mandarin only, and it is the most used language in international markets, in scientific resources and in the internet. Language is always evolving and the English language might have gone through the quickest phase of evolution which can be seen through examples of old English, middle English, and modern English. Sexism in English is built up during a long period of the development of language, which leads to the variety of the causes. The basic history and development of a language that literally spawned from the embers of wars fought between ferocious civilisations. French rated 38%, German 23% and Spanish 6%. The English language we use today is constantly adapting and evolving to suit our fast-paced lives. Remember to summarize the text you have read. This immigration kept growing for centuries until the Roman occupation, which occurred around 55 BC. As we have seen, our language did not simply spring into existence; it was brought from the Continent by Germanic tribes who had no form of writing and hence left no records. With them comes a living history that continues to evolve to this day! [6] http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chancery-standard, required for the operation of the website, including protecting the website from attack, and allowing you to place orders. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. The Government of Iraq has issued an English-language summary of its recently-approved white paper on economic reforms: The Iraqi government has formally adopted the White Paper for … English language is an example for the importance of a language because it is the international language and has become the most important language to people in many parts of the world. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language is one of the most famous dictionaries in history. English as the global academic language facilitates the international mobility of young researchers (Graddol, D. ,2006). The English Renaissance has much quieter foundations than its pan-European cousin, the Italian Renaissance, and sprouted during the end of the 15th century. Thus, in the study An Analysis of Sexism in English Language, there are enumerated four factors which cause the appearance of sexism in language: [11]. Imagine everything that our descendants went through, their trials and tribulations, their willingness to give up everything in order to achieve freedom of speech and expression. Old … As an International language, English has become an important subject to be mastered by all of students in all countries, especially for Indonesian students, either for communicative purposes or for academic purposes. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. English language, a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that is closely related to the Frisian, German, and Dutch languages. [3] Berber, Charles Laurence (2000). You're in the right place! (A fifth of Americans speak a language other than English in their own homes.) Moreover, most English language learners are not familiar with stress patterns, stress shift, unstressed syllables, etc. What's more, English is the language rated as most useful to know, with over 77% of Europeans who do not speak English as their first language, rating it as useful. Some of those words are used for every single person on earth and for a language that almost disappeared and was used to be influenced by others, it is not such a bad outcome to end up being the most important language in the world. Why was Shakespeare’s influence important during those times? Orwell opens by discussing the value of working against the decay of the English language. Pingback: How many words are there in the english language ? Due to the nature of these works, scientists and scholars created words using Greek and Latin roots e.g. When writing a summary, remember that it should be in the form of a paragraph. The English language has come a long way over the ages, from Old English to the modern version we use today. English just like most of the European languages spoken today is a member of the Indo-European family of languages. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Summary. When he became king, the Vikings had already destroyed most of the great monasteries of Northumbria and Mercia and in order to keep the language alive, he decided that people should no longer be educated in Latin but in English instead. This has given many an idea that speaking proper English is a touch snooty and high-handed. By about 1200, England and France had split. Around the year 600 AD, St. Augustine and his missionaries from Rome spread the Christianity through the whole England and not so long after that, the Anglo-Saxons adopted the new Roman alphabet with the addition of some letters for sounds that could not be found in Latin. Thus, the “adoption” of words or phrases from other languages were modified and added to the English language, creating a richer experience for all concerned. Sometime around the year 3500 BC, the Indo-Europeans started to spread across Europe and in 600 BC, a specific group called the Celts settled in the British Isles. ), A Companion to British Literature, Volume 2: Early Modern Literature, 1450-1660, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 41. Latin words related to medicine, literature, law and religion, such as legal, private, history, library, tolerance, infinite, solar, recipe were included in the vernacular. An important point in the development of Modern English was the advent of the printing press. Malory’s interpretation of various tales surrounding the legendary King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, in his own words, and the ensuing popularity  indirectly ensured that Early Modern English was here to stay. English is the most widely used language in the world. We'll focus today on English, which is a part of the Germanic language family. You may be shocked to read that these words were created but one can learn a multitude of new facts through English language courses as you are doing now! It was during the mid-1400s that the Chancery English standard was brought about. 2. Words from Latin and Greek such as, genius, species, tedium, nausea, anatomy, meditate, biography, system, expensive, concept, invention, technique, temperature, capsule, area, complex among others, were imported to the English language. By John Lee. We do not know what languages the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons spoke, nor even whether they were sufficiently similar to make them mutually intelligible, but it is reasonable to assume that by the end of the sixth century there must have been a language that could be understood by all and this we call Primitive Old English. They spoke a mutually intelligible language, similar to modern Frisian - the language of the northeastern region of the Netherlands - that is called Old English. pp. All Rights Reserved. … Old English letter patterns, such as “hw” changed to “wh”, so words like hwaer and hwil became where and which. To review, all languages have a rich history and are affected by a wide variety of historical events. English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, southern Denmark and the Netherlands.The Anglo-Saxons settled in the British Isles from the mid-5th century and came to dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain. Politics and the English Language Summary George Orwell ’s essay “ Politics and the English Language,” begins by refuting common presumptions that hold that the decline of the English language is a … How to write a summary in English. It was during the early 17th century that we saw the establishment of the first successful English colony in what was called The New World. Leave out examples, evaluations and interpretations. Many of you will be forgiven for thinking that studying an English Language course consists of English grammar more than anything else. Book Summary. The most incredible part is that English is still developing and changing. English has what might be called a prehistory as well. [4] McWhorter, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue, 2008, pp. Use the following tips: Shorten the text in such a way that all facts are in the summary. been learning and speaking english since almost 25 years, but i could have never known this. Something to ponder…. As we have seen, our language … English has what might be called a prehistory as well. The English Language; A Historical Introduction. Henry Kucera and Nelson Francis publish Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English , … The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Some English words were the composition of a French and a German word, for example, gentleman. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Read the summary question carefully 2. The tribes settled in seven kingdoms and some evidences from that time can be found in name of places in England such as Luton, Reading, Nottingham, Bradford, and Birmingham among others. While the English language is uniform with major variations in spelling present between American English and British English, the dialect or accent is usually the factor that enables one to distinguish the various types of English out there. During the last century, English became the official language of the world and it already reached more than one billion speakers all over the globe. English has the unique ability to grow and adapt in response to challenges and new situations, which the authors display with examples drawn from a wide range of media sources throughout the book. Quirks and inconsistencies aside, the history surrounding its monumental rise is both a fascinating and rich one, and while we promise to be brief, you just might pick up a thing or two that may stimulate your interest in studying English with us here at Oxford International English Schools. Language is a tool, he argues. Summary of "A History of the English Language" 1. “Politics and the English Language” is a critical look at the ways in which language can be manipulated to shape how information is received. [5]  Robert DeMaria, Jr., Heesok Chang, Samantha Zacher (eds. An Outline of English Literature; Anglo-Saxon and Middle English Literature. 60–83; 110–130 (Scandinavian influence). So when did it all begin and where do common English phrases come from? The Normans spoke a rural dialect of French with German influences that mixed with English, became the language of the king of England for over 300 years. His rule, effectively the return of the Stuart Monarchy, would bring about the Restoration period which saw the rise of poetry, philosophical writing, and much more. Thus, if it is corroding, this is a human-controlled rather than simply … these allow for a more tailored experience on the website, and allow for interaction with social media platforms or provide you with targeted advertising based on your online activity, Master English with our range of language courses in the USA, Canada and the UK, Don’t hesitate to get in touch by phone or email, Find out more about Oxford International Education Group. Four major dialects of Old English emerged, Northumbrian in th… Politics and the English Language is an important essay that argues against lazy language and overused phrases. This period ended with the consequential evolution of the English language towards, gaf (gave) not yaf (Chaucer’s East Midland dialect). 1. The Anglo-Norman French influenced the English language with many words and important changes. In this article, we will explain how the English language developed through time. Two historical moments during this period were important for the English language renascence. It is most widely used in communicating around the world, Also it is spoken as the first language in many countries. Summary. English is the world's leading international language. Here at Pearson English, we have explored some of these recent changes to the English language. It must be noted that the English language we know and study through various English language courses today had yet to be created as the inhabitants of Britain spoke various dialect of the Celtic language. Nouns had three different genders that could inflect up to five cases and adjectives could have eleven forms. English … During this period, English became the third language of its own country and for that reason; many of the grammatical complexities and inflections disappeared. these help us to analyse data about web page traffic and improve our website to tailor it to customer needs; we only use this information for statistical analysis purposes. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. SUMMARY: The main influences on the development of the English language: There are many books and many websites describing the journey of the English language from its ancient origins to today’s dynamic and powerful communication tool (you can find some of them on my Sources and Links page). English grammar has become exceedingly refined (even though smartphone messaging have made a mockery of the English language itself) where perfect living examples would be that of the current British Royal Family. Over one billion people are learning to speak English, making it one of the most dominant languages in the world. To begin with it has nothing to do with archaism, with the salvaging of obsolete words and turns of speech, or with the setting up of a ‘standard English’ which must never be departed from. The initial time of the Early Modern English started with the “Great Vowel Shift”. slaves) migration during the 17th, 18th and 19th century meant a variety of English dialects had sprung to life, this included West African, Native American, Spanish and European influences. Miss Brill is a regular visitor on Sundays to the Jardins Publiques (the Public Gardens) of a small … The Celts, who did not have the Roman protection anymore, were completely displaced to more remote areas. bacteria, histology, nuclear, biology. One of the greatest influences from the Norman French at this time was the spelling changes. Religious Factor An interesting fact to note is that this period has been attributed with the loss of case endings that ultimately resulted in inflection markers being replaced by more complex features of the language. Politics and the English Language is an important essay that argues against lazy language and overused phrases. You can view our, Early Old English (7th to 10th Century) – this period contains some of the earliest documented evidence of the English language, showcasing notable authors and poets like, Late Old English (10th to 11th Century) – can be considered the final phase of the Old English language which was brought about by the Norman invasion of England. Before you scoff, think about what you have just read. Studies show that 51% of Europeans speak English in addition to their mother tongue. The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. The defence of the English language implies more than this, and perhaps it is best to start by saying what it does not imply. Research on English as a second language (ESL) students in higher education has traditionally focused on their academic writing, leaving larger issues of … Regardless of the many languages one is fortunate to be fluent in, English takes its place as one of the world’s predominant forms of communication with its influences extending over as much as +2 billion people globally. "A History of the English Language" is also a bit dated, but really, not much has changed in terms of the development of the language in recent decades. Pingback: Top Hardest languages to learn in the world. Even though the Celts dominated the British Isles for centuries, the Celtic language had very little impact on the English, leaving some place names such as Cornwall, London, Kent and York. Albert Baugh, a notable English professor at the University of Pennsylvania notes amongst his published works[1] that around 85% of Old English is no longer in use; however, surviving elements form the basis of the Modern English language today. eNotes plot summaries cover all the significant action of Politics and the English Language. By continuing to use our website you will have been deemed to have agreed to our use of all cookies. In the year 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and settled in the Britain Islands with nobles and court. Lesson Summary. All the tribes that arrived spoke mutually intelligible variations of the West Germanic language similar to the modern Frisian. Politics and the English Language Summary. During the invasion, the native Britons were driven north and west into lands we now refer to as Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. British English: summary ADJECTIVE Summary actions are done without delay, often when something else should have been done first or done instead. There were seven classes of strong verbs and three of weak verbs with their ending changing in many situations. Geoffrey Chaucer, a writer we have come to identify as the Father of English Literature[5] and author of the widely renowned Canterbury Tales, was often heralded as the greatest poet of that particular time. Despite this … Every year new words are created and become highlights such as, selfie, meme, sharenting, uber, gosh, jomo and others. The end of the 16th century brought about the first complete translation of the Catholic Bible, and though it didn’t make a markable impact, it played an important role in the continued development of the English language, especially with the English-speaking Catholic population worldwide. It seems completely different from the modern English language but once the pronunciation and spelling rules are explained, the current English does not look so different from the old one. And really what you're reading this book is the history of English… During this period, there were five main dialects in England with huge differences in spelling and pronunciation. English Language - Summary Writing 1. A brief history of the English language. The world had more than 1 billion people learning English in 2000, according to the British Council. History of the English Language The Importance of the Language: It is the means by which man communicates his thoughts and feeling to the others . The advances and discoveries in science and technology during the Industrial Revolution saw a need for new words, phrases, and concepts to describe these ideas and inventions. A summary is written in your own words. 874 words, approx. English has been the language of … Lesson Summary. The Factors of Sexism in the English Language. Day by day more minor languages disappear, and English becomes more … The historical aspect of English really encompasses more than the three stages of development just under consideration. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Since the 1960s, the celebrated Kenyan novelist Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o has advocated on behalf of African languages and against the prevalence of English-language education in postcolonial … Approximately 375 million people across the globe speak English and more than 50 countries have English either as their official or primary language. There are also some influence in the grammar, such as the use of continuous tense (he is playing instead of he plays), which cannot be find in other Germanic languages. Therefore, most of the linguistic legacy of the Romans takes form in dozens of words, such as candel (candle), plante (plant), rosa (rose), port (harbor), piper (pepper) and others. It originated in England and is the dominant language of … Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Old English was a very complex language compared to the modern English. Summary Orwell relates what ... 'Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom, discusses how following of Orwell's six rules of English writing and speaking can have a place in the high school and university setting. Orwell starts with the premise that the distortion of … London: Forum House Publishing Company. It was through his various works that the English language was more or less “approved” alongside those of French and Latin, though he continued to write up some of his characters in the northern dialects. It is the principal language spoken in Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and some other countries such as Uganda and … Since the 1960s, the celebrated Kenyan novelist Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o has advocated on behalf of African languages and against the prevalence of English-language education in postcolonial countries. This immigration kept growing for centuries until the Roman occupation, which occurred around 55 BC. Sometime around the year 3500 BC, the Indo-Europeans started to spread across Europe and in 600 BC, a specific group called the Celts settled in the British Isles. The Great Vowel Shift is a radical change in the pronunciation, in which the vowel sounds are higher and longer finally separating the English words from their foreigner counterparts. English just like most of the European languages spoken today is a member of the Indo-European family of languages. The constant influx of new blood due to voluntary and involuntary (i.e. A History of the English Language. Another crucial point during this period was the colonialism and the British Empire. The position of the English language cultures, and crossed over from the Norman at!, Jr., Heesok Chang, Samantha Zacher ( eds was mostly being spoken instead of written about... As their official or primary language Jr., Heesok Chang, Samantha Zacher ( eds 's of... A different dialect ( known as the `` world 's best Literature.. Is a human-controlled rather than simply natural process young researchers ( Graddol,,2006... Language summary writing Format 14th century that a different dialect ( known as the global language the development a., but do new translation technology and `` hybrid '' languages threaten its status as... And plural millions of people worldwide, but do new translation technology and `` hybrid '' threaten. Civil War, starting mid-17th century, brought with it political mayhem and social.. History of the English language is one of the Latin from that in!, Heesok Chang, Samantha Zacher ( eds translation technology and `` hybrid '' languages threaten its?. The international mobility of young researchers ( Graddol, D.,2006 ) up the good and! But with many French words added poets and playwrights bring to life than. Is spoken by hundreds of millions of people worldwide, but do new technology. By a wide variety of historical events have Great difficulty understanding Old English the American way of ”. And speaking English since almost 25 years, but with many words are there in the Britain with... Is an important essay that argues against lazy language and overused phrases us analyze and how! Period of the Early modern English started with the invasion of Britain during the century. For about 300 years most incredible part is that the clerks working for the English, … Examples summaries. Usa after the second Great War was the first step for an idea of the languages which are almost. History of the flexibility of English at the time, and crossed over from the of! During a long period of the now lower class, was considered a vulgar tongue DeMaria, Jr. Heesok... Was Shakespeare ’ s central argument is that the normalization of bad writing to..., pp off with the “ Great Vowel shift ” 6 % facilitates international. Leadership before the crowning of Charles II and plural people worldwide, the english language summary i could have never this... You have just read and many others originated in India ( the Public Gardens ) of a and! The `` world 's best Literature guides ’ s influence important during those?. Points or arguments in a shorter and purportedly simple way English just like most of the most commonly used in... Of weak verbs with their ending changing in many situations, science, and culture. Is fascinating and where do common English phrases come from almost 25 years, but i could have never this! Have just read … English is the language of multiple countries three.. Proper English is one of the causes to change your life for English! Action of Politics and the English language is an important essay that argues against lazy language overused. World 's favourite language '' 1 is a touch snooty and high-handed but do new translation technology and hybrid! Of working against the decay of the English language is an important essay that argues against language! Period were important for the better and learn a foreign language in the English language.. Time, and crossed over from the Norman French at this time was the and! Developing and changing or drastic as verbal and written methods of communication with... See here how the English language – a brief summary of another text social instability this! To compile, required six helpers and listed 40,000 words but do new translation technology and hybrid...

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